{"id":2231,"date":"2026-01-21T12:50:24","date_gmt":"2026-01-21T11:50:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/?p=2231"},"modified":"2026-01-21T12:50:24","modified_gmt":"2026-01-21T11:50:24","slug":"silvester-air-quality","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2026\/01\/21\/silvester-air-quality\/","title":{"rendered":"Silvester Air Quality"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Navigation menu<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35px\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35px\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-categories-list wp-block-categories\">\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-142\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/education\/\">Education<\/a>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-139\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/emissions-air-quality\/\">Emissions &amp; Air Quality<\/a>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-141\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/infrastructure-services\/\">Infrastructure &amp; Services<\/a>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-38\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/meteorology-climate\/\">Meteorology &amp; Climate<\/a>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-138\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/news\/\">News<\/a>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-140\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/physical-chemistry-jon\/\">Physical Chemistry<\/a>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-143\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/projects\/\">Projects<\/a>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/the-team\/\">The Team<\/a>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"434\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2026\/01\/Picture1-1024x434.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2232\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2026\/01\/Picture1-1024x434.png 1024w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2026\/01\/Picture1-300x127.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2026\/01\/Picture1-768x326.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2026\/01\/Picture1.png 1386w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 1: LDSA 10-minute mean mesurements at different locations between 29.19.2025 and 03.01.2026.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>During the Silvester fireworks in and around Z\u00fcrich, many of you probably noticed that the air became foggy at some point. This can be explained by particles, emitted from the fireworks, accumulating in the boundary layer and acting as condensation nuclei for water droplets, which together with the air moisture and temperature led to fog formation. Additionally, the larger emitted particles might have been directly contributing to the foggy appearance by hanging around as dust.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We at Metenvia are mainly interested in the very small particles contributing to air quality in the city. This is why we have a relatively extensive LDSA monitoring network in and around Z\u00fcrich, which consists of three stations in the city of Z\u00fcrich, one in each, Kloten, Opfikon, Br\u00fctten, and R\u00fcmlang, and three stations on the ZHAW roof in Winterthur. As you might remember from a previous blog about the Net4City project, LDSA stands for lung-deposited surface area, and has the unit \u00b5m<sup>2<\/sup>\/cm<sup>3<\/sup>. It is the total surface area of ultrafine particles capable of penetrating furthest into the lungs and therefore is closely linked to health.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In figure 1 you can see the 10-minute mean measurements from the 29<sup>th<\/sup> of December to the 3<sup>rd<\/sup> of January, with the very clear peak in the night from the 31<sup>st<\/sup> to the 1<sup>st<\/sup>. While the peak is definitely centred around midnight on Silvester, there is already an increase in LDSA during the 31<sup>st<\/sup> and they also linger well into new years day. Likely because firework fans find it hard to wait until midnight and don\u2019t want to stop when its over.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now let\u2019s see who had the biggest firework during Sylvester night! In figure 2 the houerly mean LDSA measurements for Winterthur, Z\u00fcrich Kaserne, Kloten, R\u00fcmlang and Opfikon is shown, and for comparison the PM<sub>2.5 <\/sub>and PM<sub>10<\/sub> (Particulate Matter) values measured by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ostluft.ch\/messwerte\/datenabfrage\">Ostluft<\/a> (NABEL) at the station Z\u00fcrich Kaserne. The highest LDSA values were measured at station Kloten and Winterthur, clearly followed by the stations in the city of Z\u00fcrich, R\u00fcmlang and Opfikon don\u2019t show the same midnight peak as the others but increase slightly later in the night. Similarly, the two PM measures don\u2019t show a sharp peak around midnight but rather a steady increase starting in the evening of the 31<sup>st<\/sup> and reaching a maximum around 4:00 on the 1<sup>st<\/sup> of January.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"444\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2026\/01\/Picture2-1024x444.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2233\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2026\/01\/Picture2-1024x444.png 1024w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2026\/01\/Picture2-300x130.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2026\/01\/Picture2-768x333.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2026\/01\/Picture2.png 1386w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 2: Hourly mean LDSA measurements on Silvester,  PM2.5 and PM10 from Nabel.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Obviously, we cannot infer from LDSA or PM directly to the size or number of fireworks. For example, the locations of the stations differ quite a bit, and the peaks of LDSA likely depend on the proximity to the emission source. For example, the Kloten station, with the highest peak, is about 4 meter over ground next to fields and a school on the boarder of Kloten. I could imagine this to be a place where people go to specifically to light their fireworks, due to its openness. In Winterthur on the other hand the station is located on top of a ZHAW building at Technikumstrasse, the elevated location of the station could place the station closer to the source of some fireworks. The, compared to Z\u00fcrich, more concise city centre of Winterthur could explain why the LDSA peak is so much higher in Winterthur than in Z\u00fcrich. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In R\u00fcmlang and Opfikon there are no distinct peaks around midnight, but the LDSA values increased in the hours afterwards. This is likely because the sources where not very close to the sensors, but particles were transported and accumulated over time. During the Silvester night a moderate south-westerly wind was prominent, which would place those stations more or less in the downwind region of Z\u00fcrich, which would explain the slow and late increase in LDSA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Comparing the LDSA measurements to the PM measurements at the Z\u00fcrich Kaserne station we can see that the peak of LDSA occurs earlier than the PM peaks. While the absolute size of the peaks is not comparable due to the different units, the timing is. LDSA seems to respond to the firework emissions quicker, at least when close to the source, while the PM measures are a bit more delayed, likely due to an accumulation over time. The high LDSA peaks are also very short lived, indicating that LDSA is quite localised and variable in space.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<div class=\"pt-sm\">Schlagw\u00f6rter: <a href=\"http:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/tag\/air-pollution\/\">air pollution<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/tag\/air-quality\/\">air quality<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/tag\/ldsa\/\">LDSA<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/tag\/measurement-network\/\">measurement network<\/a><br><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>During the Silvester fireworks in and around Z\u00fcrich, many of you probably noticed that the air became foggy at some point. This can be explained by particles, emitted from the fireworks, accumulating in the boundary layer and acting as condensation nuclei for water droplets, which together with the air moisture and temperature led to fog [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":755,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[139,143],"tags":[24,55,54,68],"features":[],"class_list":["post-2231","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-emissions-air-quality","category-projects","tag-air-pollution","tag-air-quality","tag-ldsa","tag-measurement-network"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.2 (Yoast SEO v27.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Silvester Air Quality - Meteorology and Environment in Aviation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2026\/01\/21\/silvester-air-quality\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Silvester Air Quality\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"During the Silvester fireworks in and around Z\u00fcrich, many of you probably noticed that the air became foggy at some point. This can be explained by particles, emitted from the fireworks, accumulating in the boundary layer and acting as condensation nuclei for water droplets, which together with the air moisture and temperature led to fog [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2026\/01\/21\/silvester-air-quality\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Meteorology and Environment in Aviation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-01-21T11:50:24+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2026\/01\/Picture1.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1386\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"588\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"sthf\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"sthf\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2026\/01\/21\/silvester-air-quality\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2026\/01\/21\/silvester-air-quality\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"sthf\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/#\/schema\/person\/466cf21edf4f9f83881cdb16066603b1\"},\"headline\":\"Silvester Air Quality\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-01-21T11:50:24+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2026\/01\/21\/silvester-air-quality\/\"},\"wordCount\":747,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2026\/01\/21\/silvester-air-quality\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2026\/01\/Picture1-1024x434.png\",\"keywords\":[\"air pollution\",\"air quality\",\"LDSA\",\"measurement network\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Emissions &amp; 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