{"id":1651,"date":"2023-02-01T18:28:00","date_gmt":"2023-02-01T17:28:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/?p=1651"},"modified":"2025-02-12T15:36:02","modified_gmt":"2025-02-12T14:36:02","slug":"urban-climate-studies-in-the-absence-of-experiments","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2023\/02\/01\/urban-climate-studies-in-the-absence-of-experiments\/","title":{"rendered":"Urban climate studies in the absence of experiments"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Navigation menu<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35px\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35px\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-categories-list wp-block-categories\">\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-142\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/education\/\">Education<\/a>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-139\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/emissions-air-quality\/\">Emissions &amp; Air Quality<\/a>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-141\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/infrastructure-services\/\">Infrastructure &amp; Services<\/a>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-38\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/meteorology-climate\/\">Meteorology &amp; Climate<\/a>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-138\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/news\/\">News<\/a>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-140\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/physical-chemistry-jon\/\">Physical Chemistry<\/a>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-143\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/projects\/\">Projects<\/a>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/the-team\/\">The Team<\/a>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p>Cities globally seek to improve the quality of living and consequently pay great attention to the effects of new constructions on the surrounding. Furthermore, there is a great demand for evaluating methods to mitigate the urban heat island effect. Exemplarily, the city of Zurich mapped out strategies on how to approach the urban heat problem (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.stadt-zuerich.ch\/ted\/de\/index\/gsz\/planung-und-bau\/fachplanung-hitzeminderung.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Fachplanung Hitzeminderung<\/a>). However, the number of field experiments remains quite limited. Construction sites therefore offer an interesting glimpse into the changing urban climate in the absence of designed experiments. ZHAW\/Metenvia operates a dense temperature network in Zurich (see Blogposts, <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2020\/06\/02\/high-resolution-t-rh-measurement-network-for-zurich\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Measurement network<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/08\/16\/tropical-nights-in-zurich-in-basel-a-preliminary-analysis-of-summer-2022\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Tropical nights in ZH<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Measuring air temperature correctly<\/a>) and also scientifically supports heat island mitigation measures like the artificial cloud \u201cAlto Z\u00fcrrus\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/07\/08\/one-ring-to-cool-them-all\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">One ring to cool them all<\/a>) and modelling studies (<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2020\/10\/16\/simulating-urban-climate-in-zurich-west\/,\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Simulating urban climate in ZH<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/15\/urban-climate-simulating-the-effect-of-building-orientation-on-cold-air-streams\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Simulating urban cold air streams<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this blog post, we investigate if and what we can learn from changes near measurement stations that were not specifically monitored. One such event occurred close to the measurement station \u2018E9\u2019 on Hohlstrasse, where a building was demolished in 2019 and a new building was constructed in 2021 (Figure 1). From the micro-meteorological perspective, the period 2020 and 2021 are therefore different. The empty construction plot in 2020 may have opened up \u2018E9\u2019 to air circulation or may have had an impact on the radiation and shading patterns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"366\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2023\/02\/1_site-1024x366.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1653\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2023\/02\/1_site-1024x366.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2023\/02\/1_site-300x107.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2023\/02\/1_site-768x274.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2023\/02\/1_site-1536x548.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2023\/02\/1_site.jpg 1860w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig 1. Construction site near measurements station E9. In 2020 the construction plot to the east of E9 was empty (left). In 2021 a new building was erected (right). Aerial images by GIS-ZH, Kanton Z\u00fcrich, 31.01.2023.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>There were a number of other significant construction projects going on very close to other stations as well (Figure 2). By subtracting the mean over the neighbouring stations from the measured signal, it is possible to eliminate much of the natural variability due to weather and climate in the temperature signal (Figure 3). This makes a comparison between two time periods (<strong>1:<\/strong> 11.2019-10.2020, <strong>2:<\/strong> 11.2020-10.2021) easier. Figure 2 shows the difference between period 2 and 1 for seven construction sites. Two stations show a decrease and one station shows an increase in temperature, whereas the others remain virtually unchanged.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"821\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2023\/02\/2_overview-1024x821.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1655\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2023\/02\/2_overview-1024x821.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2023\/02\/2_overview-300x241.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2023\/02\/2_overview-768x616.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2023\/02\/2_overview-1536x1232.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2023\/02\/2_overview-2048x1642.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig 2. Of the 7 construction sites investigated; 2 show a considerable decrease in annual mean temperature and one shows a slight increase. Station E9 is highlighted with a red circle. Map by <a href=\"http:\/\/openstreetmap.org\">OpenStreetMap<\/a>, 31.01.2023.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>In Figure 3, we can see how the measured temperature at \u2018E9\u2019 deviates from its neighbours during the two years. It appears that \u2018E9\u2019 is generally a bit colder in winter and a bit warmer in spring and summer than its surrounding. It is also clear that \u2018E9\u2019 was on average slightly warmer in the first year, whereas in the second year, it is clearly colder than the surrounding stations. This drop of 0.3\u00b0C is likely caused by local changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"580\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2023\/02\/E9_neighbours_pq-daily-1024x580.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1656\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2023\/02\/E9_neighbours_pq-daily-1024x580.png 1024w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2023\/02\/E9_neighbours_pq-daily-300x170.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2023\/02\/E9_neighbours_pq-daily-768x435.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2023\/02\/E9_neighbours_pq-daily-1536x871.png 1536w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2023\/02\/E9_neighbours_pq-daily-2048x1161.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig 3. By comparing the station E9 to its neighbours, the effects of weather and climate can largely be eliminated. Period 2 (11.2020-10.2021) was considerably colder than period 1 (11.2019-10.2020).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Figure 4 shows the daily cycles of those temperature deviations. \u2018E9\u2019 is slightly colder at night and hotter during the early afternoon. In the second year, the mornings especially get colder, whereas the rest of the day remains relatively unimpressed. One explanation could be that the new building leads to shading in the morning, when the sun rises in the east. Over the day, this effect drops off. However, there could always be other or more factors at play.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While monitoring the urban climate, we at ZHAW\/Metenvia remain interested in those insights into the urban environment that a dense temperature network allows; even in the absence of designed experiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1022\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2023\/02\/dc_E9_pq-1022x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1658\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2023\/02\/dc_E9_pq-1022x1024.png 1022w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2023\/02\/dc_E9_pq-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2023\/02\/dc_E9_pq-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2023\/02\/dc_E9_pq-768x770.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2023\/02\/dc_E9_pq-24x24.png 24w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2023\/02\/dc_E9_pq-48x48.png 48w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2023\/02\/dc_E9_pq-96x96.png 96w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2023\/02\/dc_E9_pq.png 1440w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1022px) 100vw, 1022px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig 4. How &#8216;E9&#8217; deviates from its neighbours before (top) and after the construction project (middle). The difference (bottom) shows the largest effect during morning hours.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"pt-sm\">Schlagw\u00f6rter: <a href=\"http:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/tag\/stadtklima\/\">stadtklima<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/tag\/urban-climate\/\">urban climate<\/a><br><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cities globally seek to improve the quality of living and consequently pay great attention to the effects of new constructions on the surrounding. Furthermore, there is a great demand for evaluating methods to mitigate the urban heat island effect. Exemplarily, the city of Zurich mapped out strategies on how to approach the urban heat problem [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":639,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[38],"tags":[14,13],"features":[],"class_list":["post-1651","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-meteorology-climate","tag-stadtklima","tag-urban-climate"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.2 (Yoast SEO v27.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Urban climate studies in the absence of experiments - Meteorology and Environment in Aviation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2023\/02\/01\/urban-climate-studies-in-the-absence-of-experiments\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Urban climate studies in the absence of experiments\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Cities globally seek to improve the quality of living and consequently pay great attention to the effects of new constructions on the surrounding. 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