{"id":1516,"date":"2022-09-07T16:42:09","date_gmt":"2022-09-07T14:42:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/?p=1516"},"modified":"2025-02-25T08:27:10","modified_gmt":"2025-02-25T07:27:10","slug":"pm-in-zurich-measured-as-ldsa-example-at-schimmelstrasse","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/09\/07\/pm-in-zurich-measured-as-ldsa-example-at-schimmelstrasse\/","title":{"rendered":"PM in Zurich, measured as LDSA (example at Schimmelstrasse)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Navigation menu<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35px\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35px\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-categories-list wp-block-categories\">\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-142\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/education\/\">Education<\/a>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-139\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/emissions-air-quality\/\">Emissions &amp; Air Quality<\/a>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-141\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/infrastructure-services\/\">Infrastructure &amp; Services<\/a>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-38\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/meteorology-climate\/\">Meteorology &amp; Climate<\/a>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-138\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/news\/\">News<\/a>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-140\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/physical-chemistry-jon\/\">Physical Chemistry<\/a>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-143\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/projects\/\">Projects<\/a>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/the-team\/\">The Team<\/a>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p>We introduced you to the concept of lung deposited surface area (LDSA) and our network of LDSA sensors in a previous <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/{https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2020\/05\/04\/deployment-of-a-new-ldsa-sensor-network\/}\" target=\"_blank\">post<\/a>. The idea of monitoring very fine particulate matter (PM) comes from the knowledge that up to 90% of number concentration of ambient PM comprises of particles less than 500 nm of which ultrafine particles (UFP, diameter &lt; 100 nm) can be up to 70% (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/EHP2054.\" target=\"_blank\">Henning et al. 2018<\/a>). However, UFPs are not regulated due to limited data and poor understanding of their distribution and driving factors.<br><br>Now, this limitation can be eliminated through a network of sensors measuring UFPs, as the ambient distribution is highly heterogenic (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.03.043\" target=\"_blank\">Cyrys et al. 2008<\/a>). Standard methods for measuring UFPs are by particle number concentrations and size distribution measurements. The cost of one particle counter can be very high, not including the cost of daily to weekly maintenance required. A network with such counters will be very demanding. New methods are needed, hence LDSA. The LDSA sensors in the previous post were designed to eliminate this cost limitation from PM monitoring in a network, in addition to providing data on a PM metric that is closely related to the health impacts of PM.<br><br>LDSA is a metric that measures the surface area concentration of particles that get deposited in the lungs. LDSA is an important metric as particle surface area has been identified as very important for acute toxicity of nanoparticles (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2015.12.006\" target=\"_blank\">Schmid and Stoeger. 2016<\/a>). LDSA could be measured for the tracheo-bronchial region (tracheo-bronchial LDSA) or the alveolar region (alveolar LDSA). The alveolar region has been tagged very important because particles in this region are very small and get direct access to the bloodstream. Also, particles trapped in the alveolar region can take up to 700 days to be cleared out of the lungs (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.7339\" target=\"_blank\">Oberd\u00f6rster et al. 2005<\/a>). So, most LDSA measurements, like ours, target alveolar LDSA.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Over a period of more than one year, we measured the LDSA concentration in the region of Zurich with a network of 10 prototype sensors developed by <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/naneos.ch\" target=\"_blank\">naneos particle solution, gmbh<\/a>. Below are some of our observations of LDSA at Schimmelstrasse, Z\u00fcrich.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><em>LDSA and wind<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Depending on the wind direction and speed, particles can be transported from different sources. At low wind speed, the local sources dominate, but at high wind speeds, the local concentrations can become diluted or pollution can be transported from farther polluting sources. Wind speeds at the Schimmelstrasse station are low due to shielding from buildings around this station; hence, local pollution sources (parking lot, restaurants close to the station and the busy road) are the dominant sources of PM measured.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"588\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/09\/Schimmelstr-1024x588.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1519\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/09\/Schimmelstr-1024x588.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/09\/Schimmelstr-300x172.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/09\/Schimmelstr-768x441.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/09\/Schimmelstr-1536x882.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/09\/Schimmelstr.jpg 1991w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Figure 1 Distribution of LDSA with wind direction and speed at Schimmelstrasse; 0 is north, LDSA colourmap spans 0 to 50 \u00b5m<sup>2<\/sup>\/cm<sup>3<\/sup>, radii are wind speeds (in m\/s); data applied are hourly averages in wind speed, direction and LDSA. Map from<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.maps.stadt-zuerich.ch\/zueriplan3\/#route_visible=true&amp;basemap=Basiskarte+(Luftbild)&amp;map=&amp;scale=250&amp;xkoord=2681957.169805789&amp;ykoord=1247238.124002871&amp;lang=&amp;layer=Bad%3A%3A64%2CBiken%3A%3A43%2CLaufen%3A%3A39%2CSchlitteln%3A%3A30%2CSportanlage%3A%3A22%2CTennisplatz%3A%3A11%2CVelopumpstation%3A%3A10%2CVeloverleih%3A%3A7&amp;window=&amp;selectedObject=&amp;selectedLayer=&amp;toggleScreen=&amp;legacyUrlState=&amp;drawings=\" target=\"_blank\"> Stadt Zurich<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><em>Temporal patterns in LDSA<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>LDSA reflects the temporal pattern of the main pollution source. In the morning, it is common to measure the morning rush-hour especially close to roads. In the evening, the traffic rush-hour is diluted due higher atmospheric boundary layer. Close to urban areas, though, a late evening increase in LDSA can occur with increase in residential and social activities (night-time socials appear to begin on Thursday evenings in Zurich, Figure 2). Sundays are generally much slower in Zurich; one can observe the very low LDSA during the day on Sundays (Figure 2, at Schimmelstrasse). One can also see the effects of cooler temperatures, with higher concentrations, especially in the evening and weekends, in the winter and fall&nbsp;(at Schimmelstrasse, Figure 3). Higher concentrations in the cooler months are probably due to heating and lower and stable atmospheric boundary layer, reducing atmospheric dilution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"495\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/09\/MeanSchimLDSADaily-1-1024x495.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1526\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/09\/MeanSchimLDSADaily-1-1024x495.png 1024w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/09\/MeanSchimLDSADaily-1-300x145.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/09\/MeanSchimLDSADaily-1-768x372.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/09\/MeanSchimLDSADaily-1.png 1112w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Figure 2. Line plots showing the day-to-day diurnal trends in mean LDSA at Schimmelstrasse<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"472\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/09\/MeanSchimLDSASea-1-1024x472.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1523\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/09\/MeanSchimLDSASea-1-1024x472.png 1024w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/09\/MeanSchimLDSASea-1-300x138.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/09\/MeanSchimLDSASea-1-768x354.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/09\/MeanSchimLDSASea-1-1536x709.png 1536w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/09\/MeanSchimLDSASea-1.png 1743w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Figure 3. Line plots showing the seasonal diurnal trends in mean LDSA on weekdays and weekends<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"pt-sm\">Schlagw\u00f6rter: <a href=\"http:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/tag\/air-pollution\/\">air pollution<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/tag\/air-quality\/\">air quality<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/tag\/emission-measurements\/\">emission measurements<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/tag\/ldsa\/\">LDSA<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/tag\/pm-monitoring\/\">PM monitoring<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/tag\/urban-air-quality\/\">urban air quality<\/a><br><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>We introduced you to the concept of lung deposited surface area (LDSA) and our network of LDSA sensors in a previous post. The idea of monitoring very fine particulate matter (PM) comes from the knowledge that up to 90% of number concentration of ambient PM comprises of particles less than 500 nm of which ultrafine [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":512,"featured_media":1519,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[38],"tags":[24,55,50,54,87,88],"features":[],"class_list":["post-1516","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-meteorology-climate","tag-air-pollution","tag-air-quality","tag-emission-measurements","tag-ldsa","tag-pm-monitoring","tag-urban-air-quality"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.2 (Yoast SEO v27.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>PM in Zurich, measured as LDSA (example at Schimmelstrasse) - Meteorology and Environment in Aviation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/09\/07\/pm-in-zurich-measured-as-ldsa-example-at-schimmelstrasse\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"PM in Zurich, measured as LDSA (example at Schimmelstrasse)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"We introduced you to the concept of lung deposited surface area (LDSA) and our network of LDSA sensors in a previous post. 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