{"id":1093,"date":"2022-03-30T11:23:00","date_gmt":"2022-03-30T09:23:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/?p=1093"},"modified":"2022-05-24T14:12:52","modified_gmt":"2022-05-24T12:12:52","slug":"measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/","title":{"rendered":"Measuring air temperature correctly: An inconvenient truth"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Navigation menu<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35px\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:35px\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-categories-list wp-block-categories\">\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-142\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/education\/\">Education<\/a>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-139\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/emissions-air-quality\/\">Emissions &amp; Air Quality<\/a>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-141\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/infrastructure-services\/\">Infrastructure &amp; Services<\/a>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-38\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/meteorology-climate\/\">Meteorology &amp; Climate<\/a>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-138\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/news\/\">News<\/a>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-140\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/physical-chemistry-jon\/\">Physical Chemistry<\/a>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-143\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/projects\/\">Projects<\/a>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/category\/the-team\/\">The Team<\/a>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/farm1.static.flickr.com\/44\/192755781_0ec21a939b.jpg\" alt=\"Hot Hot Hot! by greggoconnell, on Flickr\" title=\"Hot Hot Hot! by greggoconnell, on Flickr\" \/><figcaption>&#8220;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/greggoconnell\/192755781\/\" target=\"_blank\">Hot Hot Hot!<\/a>&#8221;&nbsp;(<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY 2.0<\/a>)&nbsp;by&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/people\/greggoconnell\/\" target=\"_blank\">greggoconnell<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cHow warm is it today?\u201d, you may have asked yourself, before walking out of the door. Indeed, knowing the approximate air temperature will steer many of your decisions: Hobbies, choice of clothing or even comfort-oriented decisions to turn up the heating.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As with many other questions in atmospheric physics, the devil lies in the detail. While measuring the approximate outside air temperature is literally a child\u2019s play, performing automatic, unattended, World Meteorological Organization-conform measurements is extremely challenging \u2013 especially during daytime. Why is that?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Assume you are exposing a simple mercury thermometer to the outside air. If it is sunny, and if your thermometer is installed on the southern side of a building, you will be most likely reading values which are higher than the real air temperature. On the other hand, on a cold, snowy, but sunny winter day, installing the thermometer on the northern side of the house just above the ground will yield values lower than the real air temperature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Meteorologists therefore often rely on \u201cweather huts\u201d. Earlier, these huts were mostly wooden, painted in white, and fitted with ventilation openings. Automatic temperature (and humidity) measurement devices, so-called hythergraphs, rather bulky back in the past, were installed in the hut. An ingenious mechanism was drawing the temperature measurement onto a continuous roll of paper. This allowed a relatively exact measurement of the temperature, especially due to two features: 1) The white paint on the weather hut reflects most of the incoming solar radiation, therefore staying relatively unaffected by solar radiation; 2) The ventilation openings allow outside air to flow through the weather hut, enabling a precise measurement of outside air temperature (and humidity).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nowadays, reference temperature measurement devices mostly have their own ventilated casing called radiation shield. A fan often blows hundreds of liters of outside air per minute over the temperature sensor so air does not stagnate and warm up around the sensor. Together with the white (reflective) radiation shield holding off the warming solar energy, this setup allows very precise measurements in the order of +\/- 0.1 K. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For measurement projects requiring the deployment of tens to hundreds of temperature stations, access to an external power source is not always available and\/or feasible. However, powering the ventilator at least semi-permanently requires a decent amount of electrical energy. There thus remain two options: 1) Power the fan with a solar panel; 2) Remove the fan and rely on passive ventilation only. To increase the robustness of the station, many manufacturers (see <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onsetcomp.com\/products\/mounting\/rs3\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Onset<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.baranidesign.com\/meteohelix-pro-weather-station\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Barani <\/a>and <a href=\"https:\/\/metos.at\/lorain\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pessl <\/a>solutions) choose to remove the fan while conceptualizing sometimes very ingenious radiation shields promoting natural ventilation, like the helical \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.baranidesign.com\/meteoshield-professional\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.baranidesign.com\/meteoshield-professional\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">MeteoShield<\/a>\u201d engineered by Barani Design Technologies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Depending on the design, the passive radiation shielding can provide a good protection from solar irradiance, and the measurement errors can be reduced to values around +\/- 1 K. Other designs are more simplistic, and we have experienced measurement errors of up to 6 K on very sunny, warm days on certain types of stations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This can be very problematic if you depend on temperature measurements whose accuracy should be at least +\/- 2 K or better. We therefore wanted to develop a radiation correction algorithm which allowed us to address the \u201cradiation error\u201d of different stations as much as possible. Among other meteorological and astronomical variables, the information regarding a station\u2019s exposure to direct sunlight at a particular time proved to be the most important factor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"895\" height=\"892\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/03\/SunTrajectory-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1104\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/03\/SunTrajectory-2.png 895w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/03\/SunTrajectory-2-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/03\/SunTrajectory-2-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/03\/SunTrajectory-2-768x765.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/03\/SunTrajectory-2-676x674.png 676w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/03\/SunTrajectory-2-24x24.png 24w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/03\/SunTrajectory-2-48x48.png 48w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/03\/SunTrajectory-2-96x96.png 96w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 895px) 100vw, 895px\" \/><figcaption>Figure 1: Binarized hemispheric GoPro image at the measurement station \u201cSchimmelstrasse\u201d in Zurich city, with the trajectory of the sun plotted on top of it for July 8th.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Focusing on the city of Zurich, where a network of 250+ stations was deployed over the course of three years, a routine was developed to automatically calculate the position of the sun relative to a station at any particular time. Among different algorithms, the shadow calculation based on hemispheric photos proved to be most useful, and is illustrated in figure 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For that, a GoPro 360\u00b0 camera was used to take hemispheric pictures of the surroundings of the station. Then, the image material was georeferenced and reoriented to geographic north, before an image processing algorithm classified obstructed (black areas in fig. 1) from unobstructed (white areas in fig. 1) view to the sky. This allowed the calculation of a 10-minute resolved \u201csunview\u201d dataset, informing us if a station was exposed directly to the sun or not. The shadow detection method is based on the work of Honjo et al. 2019 (<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2480\/agrmet.D-18-00027\">doi: 10.2480\/agrmet.D-18-00027 <span><a href=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Titel anhand dieser DOI in Citavi-Projekt \u00fcbernehmen\" class=\"citavipicker\" src=\"image\/svg+xml;base64,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\" style=\"border: 0px none!important;width: 16px!important;height: 16px!important;margin-left:1px !important;margin-right:1px !important\"><\/a><\/span><\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At all locations where no hemispheric photos could be done, we relied on a fallback option from a shadow detection product based on a 3D GIS-product (<a href=\"https:\/\/data.stadt-zuerich.ch\/dataset\/geo_3d_dachmodell_lod2\">\u201c3D-Dachmodell LoD2\u201d from Zurich City, CC0<\/a>). With the \u201cUMEP\u201d QGIS add-in (Lindberg et al. 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envsoft.2017.09.020\">doi: 10.1016\/j.envsoft.2017.09.020<\/a>), a binary shadow dataset with 5m resolution was calculated for an entire year in 15 minute steps (see Figure 2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/03\/Shadow_20200101_0915_LST-Kopie-1-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1105\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/03\/Shadow_20200101_0915_LST-Kopie-1-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/03\/Shadow_20200101_0915_LST-Kopie-1-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/03\/Shadow_20200101_0915_LST-Kopie-1-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/03\/Shadow_20200101_0915_LST-Kopie-1-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/03\/Shadow_20200101_0915_LST-Kopie-1-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/03\/Shadow_20200101_0915_LST-Kopie-1-2048x2048.png 2048w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/03\/Shadow_20200101_0915_LST-Kopie-1-676x676.png 676w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/03\/Shadow_20200101_0915_LST-Kopie-1-24x24.png 24w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/03\/Shadow_20200101_0915_LST-Kopie-1-48x48.png 48w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/03\/Shadow_20200101_0915_LST-Kopie-1-96x96.png 96w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Figure 2: Result of the UMEP \u201cShadow Generator\u201d for January 1st, 09:15 Local Solar Time. Assuming clear skies, all white areas would have a direct view to the Sun. All black areas would be in the shadow. The resolution of the map is of 5 m. GIS data courtesy: City of Zurich <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>A linear model was then fitted to the station error (10 \u201ctraining\u201d stations) using \u2013 among others \u2013 the shadow information, the average incoming solar radiation and the wind speed as predictors. The result is illustrated in Figure 3, where the black curve illustrates the reference temperature measurement, the red curve the uncorrected temperature measurement and the green curve the corrected temperature measurement. Using the station \u201cSchimmelstrasse\u201d as an example, our method is able to decrease the root mean square error from 1.16 to 0.39 K. The algorithm is far from perfect, and more work needs to be done. However, the preliminary results are encouraging and confirm to us that we may be on the right track.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"788\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/03\/ShadowRecognition-1-1024x788.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1106\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/03\/ShadowRecognition-1-1024x788.png 1024w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/03\/ShadowRecognition-1-300x231.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/03\/ShadowRecognition-1-768x591.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/03\/ShadowRecognition-1-1536x1183.png 1536w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/03\/ShadowRecognition-1-2048x1577.png 2048w, https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/files\/2022\/03\/ShadowRecognition-1-676x521.png 676w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Figure 3: Temperatures and shadow information at the \u201cSchimmelstrasse\u201d station on July 8th 2020: Reference station (Data courtesy: AWEL; black curve), Uncorrected temperature measurement (red curve), Corrected temperature measurement (green curve), UMEP\/QGIS shadow detection method (orange dots; high value = station in sun, low value = station in shadow), Hemispheric photo analysis shadow detection method (blue dots; high value = station in sun, low value = station in shadow).<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-sm\">Schlagw\u00f6rter: <a href=\"http:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/tag\/meteo-tools\/\">meteo tools<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/tag\/meteorology\/\">meteorology<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/tag\/stadtklima\/\">stadtklima<\/a><br><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cHow warm is it today?\u201d, you may have asked yourself, before walking out of the door. Indeed, knowing the approximate air temperature will steer many of your decisions: Hobbies, choice of clothing or even comfort-oriented decisions to turn up the heating. As with many other questions in atmospheric physics, the devil lies in the detail. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":511,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[38],"tags":[43,42,14],"features":[],"class_list":["post-1093","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-meteorology-climate","tag-meteo-tools","tag-meteorology","tag-stadtklima"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.2 (Yoast SEO v27.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Measuring air temperature correctly: An inconvenient truth - Meteorology and Environment in Aviation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Measuring air temperature correctly: An inconvenient truth\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u201cHow warm is it today?\u201d, you may have asked yourself, before walking out of the door. Indeed, knowing the approximate air temperature will steer many of your decisions: Hobbies, choice of clothing or even comfort-oriented decisions to turn up the heating. As with many other questions in atmospheric physics, the devil lies in the detail. [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Meteorology and Environment in Aviation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-03-30T09:23:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-05-24T12:12:52+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/farm1.static.flickr.com\/44\/192755781_0ec21a939b.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Julien Anet\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Julien Anet\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Julien Anet\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/#\/schema\/person\/fe90861665dc325502a86372d7259eb3\"},\"headline\":\"Measuring air temperature correctly: An inconvenient truth\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-03-30T09:23:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-05-24T12:12:52+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/\"},\"wordCount\":1042,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/farm1.static.flickr.com\/44\/192755781_0ec21a939b.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"meteo tools\",\"meteorology\",\"stadtklima\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Meteorology &amp; Climate\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/\",\"name\":\"Measuring air temperature correctly: An inconvenient truth - Meteorology and Environment in Aviation\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/farm1.static.flickr.com\/44\/192755781_0ec21a939b.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-03-30T09:23:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-05-24T12:12:52+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/#\/schema\/person\/fe90861665dc325502a86372d7259eb3\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/farm1.static.flickr.com\/44\/192755781_0ec21a939b.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/farm1.static.flickr.com\/44\/192755781_0ec21a939b.jpg\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Startseite\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Measuring air temperature correctly: An inconvenient truth\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/\",\"name\":\"Meteorology and Environment in Aviation\",\"description\":\"A Blog of the ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/#\/schema\/person\/fe90861665dc325502a86372d7259eb3\",\"name\":\"Julien Anet\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44515b1ed7953fb0014c47ec7c6e2ab53b86ec7a8af9de8a27287b050167bb0c?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44515b1ed7953fb0014c47ec7c6e2ab53b86ec7a8af9de8a27287b050167bb0c?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44515b1ed7953fb0014c47ec7c6e2ab53b86ec7a8af9de8a27287b050167bb0c?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Julien Anet\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/author\/anet\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Measuring air temperature correctly: An inconvenient truth - Meteorology and Environment in Aviation","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"Measuring air temperature correctly: An inconvenient truth","og_description":"\u201cHow warm is it today?\u201d, you may have asked yourself, before walking out of the door. Indeed, knowing the approximate air temperature will steer many of your decisions: Hobbies, choice of clothing or even comfort-oriented decisions to turn up the heating. As with many other questions in atmospheric physics, the devil lies in the detail. [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/","og_site_name":"Meteorology and Environment in Aviation","article_published_time":"2022-03-30T09:23:00+00:00","article_modified_time":"2022-05-24T12:12:52+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/farm1.static.flickr.com\/44\/192755781_0ec21a939b.jpg","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"author":"Julien Anet","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Julien Anet","Estimated reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/"},"author":{"name":"Julien Anet","@id":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/#\/schema\/person\/fe90861665dc325502a86372d7259eb3"},"headline":"Measuring air temperature correctly: An inconvenient truth","datePublished":"2022-03-30T09:23:00+00:00","dateModified":"2022-05-24T12:12:52+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/"},"wordCount":1042,"commentCount":0,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/farm1.static.flickr.com\/44\/192755781_0ec21a939b.jpg","keywords":["meteo tools","meteorology","stadtklima"],"articleSection":["Meteorology &amp; Climate"],"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/","url":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/","name":"Measuring air temperature correctly: An inconvenient truth - Meteorology and Environment in Aviation","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/farm1.static.flickr.com\/44\/192755781_0ec21a939b.jpg","datePublished":"2022-03-30T09:23:00+00:00","dateModified":"2022-05-24T12:12:52+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/#\/schema\/person\/fe90861665dc325502a86372d7259eb3"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/farm1.static.flickr.com\/44\/192755781_0ec21a939b.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/farm1.static.flickr.com\/44\/192755781_0ec21a939b.jpg"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/2022\/03\/30\/measuring-air-temperature-correctly-an-inconvenient-truth\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Startseite","item":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Measuring air temperature correctly: An inconvenient truth"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/#website","url":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/","name":"Meteorology and Environment in Aviation","description":"A Blog of the ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/#\/schema\/person\/fe90861665dc325502a86372d7259eb3","name":"Julien Anet","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44515b1ed7953fb0014c47ec7c6e2ab53b86ec7a8af9de8a27287b050167bb0c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44515b1ed7953fb0014c47ec7c6e2ab53b86ec7a8af9de8a27287b050167bb0c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44515b1ed7953fb0014c47ec7c6e2ab53b86ec7a8af9de8a27287b050167bb0c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Julien Anet"},"url":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/author\/anet\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1093","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/511"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1093"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1093\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1330,"href":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1093\/revisions\/1330"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1093"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1093"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1093"},{"taxonomy":"features","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.zhaw.ch\/metenvia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/features?post=1093"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}